Roaming Glossary: All terms you must know (regularly updated)

by Milja Hofman (January 2026)

Roaming Glossary (A-Z)

A comprehensive overview of roaming terms and acronyms

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Welcome to this comprehensive roaming glossary, your go-to resource for understanding all key terms that are shaping the telecom roaming industry. Whether you’re just starting out or are a seasoned expert, this A-Z guide is designed to help you understand telecom roaming acronyms and technical terms you’ll encounter in your career. I keep this glossary regularly updated, so be sure to bookmark this page and refer back to it whenever you need to clarify a term or concept.

A B C D E F
G H I J K L
M N O P Q R
S T U V W X
Y Z        

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3
  • 3GPP – 3RD Generation Partnership Project –

    3GPP is a collaboration between telecommunications standards organisations that develops protocols for mobile telecommunications. It defines technical specifications for 3G, 4G, 5G, and future generation mobile networks.

5
  • 5G NSA – 5G Non-Standalone –

    5G NSA is a deployment mode where 5G radio access technology uses existing 4G LTE infrastructure as an anchor for control plane signaling. It allows operators to quickly deploy 5G services without building a complete 5G core network.

  • 5G SA – 5G Standalone –

    5G SA is a deployment mode where 5G operates independently with its own core network (5GC) and radio access network. It enables full 5G capabilities including ultra-low latency, network slicing, and enhanced services.

  • 5GC – 5G Core Network –

    The 5GC is the core network architecture for 5G systems, providing enhanced capabilities for service delivery and management. It supports network slicing, edge computing, and diverse use cases from IoT to ultra-reliable communications.

a
  • AF – Application Function –

    The Application Function is a component in 5G networks that provides application services and interacts with the network to ensure quality of service and policy control. It communicates with the network’s core to manage data flow and optimize user experience. AFs are crucial for enabling advanced applications like IoT and multimedia services.

  • AMF – Access and Mobility Management Function –

    The AMF is a critical part of the 5G core network architecture, responsible for handling user equipment registration, connection, reachability, and mobility management. It ensures seamless connectivity and service continuity as users move across different network areas. The AMF also plays a role in security and authentication processes.

  • API – Application Program Interface –

    An API is a set of rules and protocols for building and interacting with software applications. It allows different software programs to communicate with each other, enabling integration and functionality sharing. APIs are essential for developing applications that can leverage external services and data.

  • APN – Access Point Name –

    An APN is a configuration setting on a mobile device that identifies an external network the device can connect to, such as the internet. It acts as a gateway between the mobile network and the public internet, ensuring proper routing of data. APNs are crucial for enabling mobile data services.

  • ARP – Allocation and Retention Priority –

    ARP is a mechanism used in mobile networks to prioritize resource allocation and retention for different services and users. It ensures that critical services, such as emergency calls, receive priority access to network resources. ARP helps maintain service quality during network congestion.

  • AS – Application Server –

    An Application Server is a software framework that provides an environment for running applications, offering services like security, data access, and transaction management. It hosts business logic and processes requests from client applications, facilitating dynamic web content and application functionality. ASs are integral to enterprise-level applications and web services.

  • AuC – Authentication Centre –

    The AuC is a component of 2G and 3G mobile networks responsible for authenticating users and securing communications. It stores cryptographic keys and algorithms used to verify the identity of subscribers. The AuC plays a vital role in preventing unauthorized access and ensuring network security.

  • AUSF – Authentication Server Function –

    The AUSF is a network function in 5G architecture that handles the authentication of user equipment. It works with other network components to verify user identities and grant access to network services. The AUSF is essential for maintaining secure and reliable network operations.

b
  • BCE – Billing Charging Evolution –

    Billing and Charging Evolution (BCE) is an evolution on TAP to simplify how telecom operators handle wholesale billing and charging for data roaming services.

  • BCETXC – BCE Technical Information Exchange –

    BCETXC is exchanged between roaming partners with the scope of clarifying and aligning on all commercial (BCE IOT) and operational parameters (BCE Report exchange and exchange frequency) before configuring a BCE Agreement.

  • BCF – Border Control Function –

    The BCF is a network function that manages the flow of data across network boundaries, ensuring security and compliance with policies. It acts as a gateway between different network domains, controlling access and protecting against unauthorized traffic. BCFs are crucial for maintaining network integrity and security.

  • BG – Border Gateway –

    A Border Gateway is a network device that manages data traffic between different networks, ensuring efficient routing and security. It acts as a point of entry and exit for data packets, controlling access and preventing unauthorized traffic. BGs are essential for maintaining network performance and security.

  • BGCF – Breakout Gateway Control Function –

    The BGCF is a component in the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) that routes voice calls to the appropriate network, whether it’s a circuit-switched or packet-switched network. It determines the best path for call delivery based on network conditions and policies. The BGCF is crucial for ensuring seamless voice communication across different network types.

  • BID – Billing Identifier – –

    A BID is a unique identifier used in telecommunications billing systems to track and manage billing records for individual subscribers or services. It ensures accurate billing and facilitates the reconciliation of charges between service providers. BIDs are essential for maintaining transparency and accuracy in billing processes.

  • BSC – Base Station Controller –

    The BSC is a component in mobile networks that controls multiple base transceiver stations and manages their resources. It handles tasks such as call setup, frequency allocation, and handovers between cells. The BSC plays a critical role in ensuring efficient network operation and quality of service.

  • BSR – BIlling Statement Report –

    In BCE, the Billing Statement Report (BSR) must be provided from the Serving Party to the Served Party as backup information to the Charging Document and contains aggregated information of the traffic generated. Charges are not mandatory on a BSR.

  • BSS – Base Station Subsystem –

    The BSS is a section of a mobile network that includes the base station controller and base transceiver stations. It is responsible for managing radio communications with mobile devices and connecting them to the core network. The BSS is essential for providing wireless coverage and supporting mobile services.

  • BTS – Base Transceiver Station –

    A BTS is a piece of equipment in a mobile network that facilitates wireless communication between user devices and the network. It consists of antennas and radio transceivers that transmit and receive signals. BTSs are crucial for providing cellular coverage and enabling mobile connectivity.

c
  • CAGR – Compound Annual Growth Rate –

    CAGR is a business metric that represents the mean annual growth rate of an investment or market over a specified time period. It provides a smoothed annual rate that accounts for compounding effects.

  • CAMEL – Customised Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic –

    CAMEL is a set of standards for mobile networks that enables the development of customized services and applications. It allows operators to offer advanced features like call forwarding and prepaid services across different network types. CAMEL enhances the flexibility and functionality of mobile networks.

  • CC – Country Code –

    A Country Code is a numerical prefix used in international dialing to identify a specific country. It is part of the international telephone numbering plan and ensures that calls are routed to the correct destination. Country Codes are essential for enabling global communication.

  • CDR – Call Data Record –

    A CDR is a detailed record of a telecommunication transaction, such as a phone call or text message. It includes information like the time, duration, and parties involved in the communication. CDRs are used for billing, monitoring network usage, and analyzing communication patterns.

  • CEIR – Central Equipment Identity Register –

    The CEIR is a database that stores information about mobile devices, including their International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) numbers. It is used to track and block stolen or unauthorized devices from accessing the network. The CEIR helps prevent mobile device theft and fraud.

  • CHF – Charging Function –

    The CHF is a 5G core network element responsible for managing charging and billing operations. It collects usage data from various network functions and generates charging records for services consumed.

  • CLL – Commercial Launch Letter –

    A CLL is a formal document issued by a company to announce the commercial launch of a new product or service. It outlines the key features, benefits, and availability of the offering. CLLs are used to inform stakeholders and generate interest in the market.

  • CS – Circuit Switched –

    CS refers to a traditional telecommunications network architecture where a dedicated communication path is established between two endpoints for the duration of a connection. It is primarily used for voice calls in 2G and 3G networks.

  • CSCF – Call Session Control Function –

    The CSCF is a component in the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) that manages call sessions and signaling. It handles tasks such as call setup, routing, and termination, ensuring seamless communication across different network types. The CSCF is essential for enabling advanced multimedia services.

  • CSE – CAMEL Service Environment –

    The CSE is a framework within mobile networks that supports the deployment of CAMEL-based services. It provides the necessary infrastructure and tools for developing and managing customized applications. The CSE enhances the flexibility and functionality of mobile networks.

  • CSFB – Circuit Switched FallBack –

    CSFB is a technology that allows devices to switch from a packet-switched network, like LTE, to a circuit-switched network for voice calls. It ensures compatibility with legacy networks and enables seamless voice communication. CSFB is crucial for maintaining service continuity during network transitions.

  • CTL – Call Type Level –

    CTL is a classification system used in telecommunications to categorize different types of calls based on their characteristics and requirements. It helps operators manage network resources and prioritize services based on their importance. CTL is essential for optimizing network performance and quality of service.

d
  • D2D – Device-to-Device –

    D2D is a communication technology that allows mobile devices to communicate directly with each other without routing through network infrastructure.

  • DCH – Data Clearing House –

    A DCH is a service provider that facilitates the exchange and reconciliation of billing data between mobile network operators. It ensures accurate and timely settlement of roaming charges and other financial transactions. DCHs play a key role in supporting international roaming services.

  • DDR – Detailed Data Report –

    In BCE, the Detail Data Report (DDR) is a detailed record of data usage, sent from the Serving Party to the Served Party. The DDR is optional, when agreed between two parties.

  • DEA – Diameter Edge Agent –

    The DEA is a network element that manages Diameter protocol traffic at the edge of a network. It provides security, routing, and load balancing for Diameter messages, ensuring efficient communication between network elements. DEAs are essential for maintaining network performance and security.

  • DN – Data Network –

    A DN is a network that provides data communication services, enabling the exchange of information between devices and systems. It includes infrastructure like routers, switches, and servers that facilitate data transfer. DNs are crucial for supporting internet connectivity and digital communication.

  • DNS – Domain Name System –

    The DNS is a hierarchical system that translates human-friendly domain names into IP addresses that computers use to identify each other on the network. It acts as a directory for the internet, enabling users to access websites and online services. DNS is essential for facilitating seamless internet navigation.

  • DRA – Diameter Routing Agent  –

    The DRA is a network element that manages the routing of Diameter protocol messages within a network. It ensures efficient communication between network elements and provides load balancing and redundancy. DRAs are crucial for maintaining network performance and reliability.

  • DSP – Domestic Service Provider –

    A DSP is a telecommunications company that provides services to customers within a specific country or region. It offers a range of services, including voice, data, and internet connectivity. DSPs play a key role in enabling communication and connectivity for local users.

e
  • E-CSCF – Emergency Call Session Control Function –

    The E-CSCF is a component in the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) that handles emergency call sessions. It ensures that emergency calls are routed to the appropriate public safety answering point (PSAP) and provides location information. The E-CSCF is essential for enabling reliable emergency communication services.

  • E-UTRAN – Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network –

    The E-UTRAN is the radio access network component of LTE systems, providing high-speed wireless communication between user devices and the network. It includes eNode Bs that handle data transmission and reception. The E-UTRAN is crucial for enabling high-speed mobile broadband services

  • EDGE – Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution –

    EDGE is a mobile network technology that provides enhanced data transmission rates over GSM networks, offering speeds up to 384 kbps. It represents an evolution of GPRS technology, sometimes referred to as 2.75G.

  • EID – Electronic Invoice Data –

    EID is a standardized electronic format used in telecoms to exchange billing and invoicing information between operators. 

  • EIR – Equipment Identity Register –

    The EIR is a database that stores information about mobile devices, including their International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) numbers. It is used to track and block stolen or unauthorized devices from accessing the network. The EIR helps prevent mobile device theft and fraud.

  • eMBB – Enhanced Mobile Broadband –

    eMBB is one of the three main use cases of 5G, focused on delivering significantly higher data rates and capacity than 4G LTE. It supports applications requiring high bandwidth such as 4K/8K video streaming, virtual reality, and augmented reality.

  • eNB – Evolved Node B –

    The eNB is the base station component in LTE (4G) networks that manages radio communications with user equipment. It handles radio resource management, transmission, and scheduling of data between devices and the core network.

  • eNode B – Evolved Node B –

    The eNode B is a component in LTE networks that provides wireless communication between user devices and the network. It integrates the functions of a base station and a radio network controller, enabling efficient data transmission. eNode Bs are crucial for providing high-speed mobile connectivity.

  • ENUM – Electronic NUMbering –

    ENUM is a protocol that maps telephone numbers to internet addresses, enabling the integration of traditional telephony with internet-based services. It allows users to access a range of communication services using a single number. ENUM is essential for facilitating seamless communication across different platforms.

  • EoR – End of Rating Period Report –

    In BCE, the EoR is a report containing all the traffic information for both roaming directions, with several levels of details in terms of connections, services, traffic and charges breakdown along the Rating Period, with or without taxes, as applicable.

  • EPC – Evolved Packet Core –

    The EPC is the core network architecture of 4G LTE systems, providing data connectivity and management. It handles tasks such as user authentication, mobility management, and quality of service. The EPC is crucial for enabling high-speed mobile broadband services.

  • eSIM – embedded SIM –

    A form of SIM card that is embedded directly into a device as software installed onto a eUICC chip. 

  • ESP – Enhanced Service Provider –

    An ESP is a telecommunications company that offers value-added services, such as messaging, content delivery, and cloud computing. It enhances the basic connectivity services provided by traditional operators, offering additional features and functionality. ESPs play a key role in driving innovation and differentiation in the telecom industry.

  • ETSI – European Telecommunications Standards Institute –

    ETSI is an independent, not-for-profit organization that produces globally applicable standards for telecommunications, broadcasting, and other electronic communications networks. It develops specifications for technologies including GSM, 3G, 4G, 5G, and IoT

  • eUICC – Embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card –

    The eUICC is a programmable SIM card that allows users to switch between different mobile network operators without changing the physical SIM card. It supports remote provisioning and management of network profiles, enabling greater flexibility and convenience. eUICCs are essential for supporting IoT and connected devices.

  • eUICC-ID – Embedded UICC Identifier –

    The eUICC-ID is a unique identifier assigned to an embedded universal integrated circuit card (eUICC). It is used to track and manage the eSIM remotely, enabling remote provisioning and profile management.

f
  • FASG – Fraud and Security Group –

    The FASG is a group within the GSM Association focused on addressing issues related to fraud and security. It develops standards and best practices to protect networks and users from threats. The FASG plays a key role in ensuring the integrity and security of telecom services.

  • FCA – Financial Clearing Agent –

    An FCA is a service provider that facilitates the settlement of financial transactions between mobile network operators. It ensures accurate and timely reconciliation of charges for services like roaming and interconnection. FCAs play a key role in supporting international telecom services.

  • FCH – Financial Clearing House –

    An FCH is an organization that provides financial clearing and settlement services for telecommunications transactions. It handles tasks such as billing reconciliation, dispute resolution, and payment processing. FCHs are essential for ensuring accurate and efficient financial transactions between operators.

  • FDD – Frequency Division Duplex –

    FDD is a duplexing method where transmission and reception occur simultaneously using different frequency bands. It provides consistent performance with separate uplink and downlink channels, commonly used in LTE and 5G networks

  • FMS – Fraud Management System –

    An FMS is a software solution used by telecommunications companies to detect and prevent fraudulent activities. It analyzes network data and user behavior to identify suspicious patterns and take corrective actions. FMSs are essential for protecting networks and users from fraud.

g
  • GB – Gigabyte –

    A Gigabyte is a unit of digital information equal to 1,024 megabytes or approximately one billion bytes. It is commonly used to measure data storage capacity and data transfer volumes in telecommunications.

  • Gbps – Gigabits Per Second –

    Gbps is a unit of data transfer rate equal to one billion bits per second. It measures the speed at which data can be transmitted over a network connection. Gbps is commonly used to describe high-speed network capabilities in 5G and fiber optic systems.

  • GBR – Guaranteed Bit Rate –

    GBR is a quality of service parameter in mobile networks that ensures a minimum data rate for specific services. It is used to prioritize critical applications, such as voice and video calls, over less time-sensitive traffic. GBR is essential for maintaining service quality and user experience.

  • GEO – Geostationary Earth Orbit –

    GEO refers to satellites positioned approximately 35,786 km above the equator, appearing stationary relative to Earth’s surface. They provide continuous coverage over large geographic areas but have higher latency due to the distance.

  • GGSN – Gateway GPRS Support Node –

    The GGSN is a component in mobile networks that connects the GPRS network to external data networks, such as the internet. It handles tasks such as IP address allocation, data routing, and billing. The GGSN is crucial for enabling mobile data services.

  • GHz – Gigahertz –

    GHz is a unit of frequency equal to one billion hertz, commonly used to measure radio frequency spectrum. It describes the operating frequencies of mobile networks, Wi-Fi, and other wireless technologies.

  • GLR – Gateway Location Register –

    The GLR is a database used in mobile networks to store information about subscribers who are roaming in a specific area. It helps optimize network resources and improve service quality for roaming users.

  • GMSC – Gateway Mobile Switching Centre –

    The GMSC is a component in mobile networks that routes calls between different network domains, such as mobile and fixed-line networks. It handles tasks such as call setup, routing, and termination. The GMSC is crucial for enabling seamless communication across different network types.

  • gNB – Next-Generation Node B –

    The gNB is the base station component in 5G NR (New Radio) networks that manages radio communications with user equipment. It provides significantly higher data rates, lower latency, and greater connectivity density than previous generation base stations.

  • GPRS – Global Packet Radio Service –

    GPRS is a mobile data service that enables wireless internet access and data communication over GSM networks. It provides packet-switched data transmission, allowing users to access the internet and send multimedia messages. 

  • GRQ – Global Roaming Quality –

    GRQ is a set of standards and metrics used to evaluate the quality of roaming services provided by mobile network operators. It ensures that users receive consistent and reliable service when traveling internationally. 

  • GRX – GPRS Roaming eXchange –

    GRX is a network infrastructure that facilitates the exchange of GPRS data between mobile network operators. It enables seamless data roaming services for users traveling internationally. GRX is crucial for supporting global mobile data connectivity.

  • GSER – GSMA Standardised Exchange Rate Tool –

    The GSER is a tool developed by the GSM Association to standardize exchange rates used in international telecom transactions. It ensures accurate and consistent billing for services like roaming and interconnection. The GSER is essential for maintaining transparency and fairness in financial transactions.

  • GSMA – GSM Association –

    The GSMA is an industry organization that represents the interests of mobile network operators worldwide. It develops standards, promotes innovation, and advocates for policies that support the growth of the mobile industry. The GSMA plays a key role in shaping the future of mobile communication

h
  • HLR – Home Location Register –

    The HLR is a database used in 2G and 3G networks to store details of subscribers, including their profiles and current location. It is used for tasks such as call routing, authentication, and billing. The HLR is essential for managing subscriber information and enabling mobile services.

  • HPMN – Home Public Mobile Network –

    The HPMN is the mobile network operator with which a subscriber has a direct contractual relationship. It provides services like voice, data, and messaging to the subscriber when they are in their home country. The HPMN is responsible for managing the subscriber’s account and billing.

  • HSPA – High Speed Packet Access –

    HSPA is a collection of mobile telephony protocols that extend and improve the performance of 3G UMTS networks. It provides enhanced data transmission speeds up to 14.4 Mbps downlink and 5.76 Mbps uplink.

  • HSS – Home Subscriber Service –

    The HSS is a database in LTE and IMS networks that stores subscriber profiles and authentication information. It supports tasks such as user registration, mobility management, and service authorization. The HSS is crucial for enabling secure and reliable mobile services.

i
  • I-CSCF – Interrogation Call Session Control Function –

    The I-CSCF is a component in the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) that handles the routing of call sessions and signaling. It acts as a gateway between different network domains, ensuring efficient communication and service delivery.

  • I-SBC – Interconnect Session Border Controller –

    The I-SBC is a network element that manages the flow of data between different network domains, ensuring security and compliance with policies. It acts as a gateway between networks, controlling access and preventing unauthorized traffic. 

  • IBCF – Interconnection Border Control Function –

    The IBCF is a network element that manages the flow of data between different network domains, ensuring security and compliance with policies. It acts as a gateway between networks, controlling access and preventing unauthorized traffic. IBCFs are essential for maintaining network integrity and security.

  • ICCID – Integrated Circuit Card Identifier –

    The ICCID is a unique identifier assigned to a SIM card, used to track and manage the card within a mobile network. It includes information about the card’s issuer, country, and network.

  • ICP – Interoperability Compliancy Program –

    The ICP is a program that ensures compatibility and interoperability between different telecommunications systems and devices. It provides testing and certification services to verify that products meet industry standards. The ICP is essential for enabling seamless communication across different networks and platforms.

  • IMEI – International Mobile Equipment Identity –

    The IMEI is a unique identifier assigned to a mobile device, used to track and manage the device within a network. It helps prevent theft and fraud by allowing operators to block stolen devices from accessing the network. 

  • IMS – IP Multimedia Subsystem –

    The IMS is a framework for delivering multimedia services over IP networks, enabling advanced communication features like voice, video, and messaging. It provides a standardized architecture for integrating different services and applications. The IMS is crucial for supporting the convergence of voice and data services.

  • IMSI – International Mobile Subscriber Identity –

    The IMSI is a unique identifier assigned to a mobile subscriber, used to track and manage the subscriber within a network. It is stored on the SIM card and used for tasks such as authentication and billing. 

  • IN – Intelligent Network –

    The IN is a telecommunications architecture that enables the development of advanced services and applications. It provides a flexible and scalable platform for deploying features like call forwarding, prepaid services, and number portability. 

  • IOT – Inter Operator Tariff –

    The IOT is a pricing structure used by mobile network operators to charge each other for services like roaming and interconnection. It ensures fair and transparent billing for services provided across different networks. 

  • IoT – Internet of Things –

    The IoT is a network of interconnected devices that communicate and exchange data over the internet. It enables the automation and remote control of various systems, from smart homes to industrial processes. The IoT is driving innovation and transforming industries by enabling new applications and services.

  • IP – Internet Protocol –

    IP is a set of rules and protocols used for transmitting data over the internet. It provides addressing and routing functions, enabling devices to communicate and exchange information. IP is the foundation of the internet, supporting a wide range of applications and services.

  • IP-SM-GW – IP SMS Gateway –

    The IP-SM-GW is a network element that enables the delivery of SMS messages over IP networks. It provides interoperability between traditional SMS services and IP-based messaging platforms.

  • IPX – IP Exchange –

    The IPX serves as an evolution of GRX (GPRS Roaming Exchange), which was initially created to enable data roaming for GPRS networks (2G and 3G). While GRX was mainly for data roaming, IPX extends beyond it, supporting various IP-based services and accommodating the needs of newer technologies like LTE, VoLTE, and 5G.

  • IREG – International Roaming Expert Group –

    The IREG working Group is a group within the GSM Association focused on addressing issues related to roaming and interworking. It develops standards and best practices to ensure seamless and reliable roaming services. It creates the IREG Test templates.

  • IRSF – International Revenue Share Fraud –

    IRSF is a type of telecommunications fraud that involves exploiting revenue-sharing agreements between operators. Fraudsters generate artificial traffic to premium-rate numbers, resulting in financial losses for operators. IRSF is a significant threat to the telecom industry, requiring robust detection and prevention measures.

  • ISC – IMS Service Control –

    ISC is a protocol used in the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) to manage the delivery of multimedia services. It provides a standardized interface for controlling and coordinating service delivery across different network elements. ISC is essential for enabling advanced communication features and applications.

  • ISIM – IMS Subscriber Identity Module –

    The ISIM is a type of SIM card used in IMS networks to store subscriber information and authentication credentials. It supports tasks such as user registration, mobility management, and service authorization.

  • ISTP – IP Signaling Transfer Point –

    The ISTP is a network element that routes signaling messages in IP-based telecommunications networks. It provides translation between different signaling protocols and ensures secure, reliable message delivery.

  • IWF – Inter-Working Function –

    The IWF is a network element that facilitates communication between different network protocols and technologies. It provides interoperability and compatibility between legacy and modern systems, enabling seamless service delivery.

l
  • LA – Location Area –

    A Location Area (LA) is a specific geographical region within a mobile network, defined by a set of base stations (cell towers). Each LA is identified by a unique Location Area Code (LAC) and is used by the network to efficiently manage and track mobile devices as they move within the area. The concept of a Location Area is essential in GSM, 3G, LTE, and 5G networks for handling location updates and optimizing signaling.

  • LAC – Location Area Code –

    The LAC is a unique identifier assigned to a location area within a mobile network. It is used for tasks such as location tracking, call routing, and mobility management. The LAC is essential for optimizing network resources and ensuring efficient service delivery.

  • LBO – Local Break-out –

    LBO is a technology that allows mobile devices to access local networks for data services while roaming, reducing latency and improving performance. It enables users to access local content and services without routing traffic through their home network. 

  • LEO – Low Earth Orbit –

    LEO refers to satellites positioned between 500-2,000 km above Earth’s surface, orbiting the planet every 90-120 minutes. They provide lower latency and require less power than higher orbits but need constellations of satellites for continuous coverage.

  • LoRa – Long Range –

    LoRa is a low-power wide-area network technology that enables long-range wireless communication for IoT devices. It operates on unlicensed spectrum and provides connectivity over several kilometers with minimal power consumption.

  • LPA – Local Profile Assistant –

    LPA is a software component on a device that manages the download and activation of eSIM profiles. It communicates with remote servers to retrieve and install operator profiles on the eUICC.

  • LPWA – Low Power Wide Area –

    LPWA is a type of wireless network technology designed for low-power, long-range communication. It is used for applications like IoT and smart city infrastructure, where devices need to operate for extended periods on limited power. 

  • LTE – Long Term Evolution –

    LTE is a standard for high-speed wireless communication, providing fast data transfer and low latency. It supports a wide range of applications, from mobile broadband to IoT, and is the foundation for 4G networks.

  • LTE-M – LTE for Machines –

    LTE-M is a low-power wide-area network technology designed specifically for IoT devices and machine-to-machine communications. It provides extended coverage, long battery life, and lower costs compared to standard LTE.

m
  • M2M – Machine to Machine –

    M2M refers to the communication between devices without human intervention, enabling automation and remote control. It is used in various industries, from manufacturing to healthcare, to improve efficiency and reduce costs. M2M is a key component of the IoT, driving innovation and transformation.

  • MaaP – Messaging as a Platform –

    MaaP is a framework for delivering messaging services over IP networks, enabling advanced features like chatbots and multimedia messaging. It provides a standardized architecture for integrating different messaging platforms and services. 

  • MAP – Mobile Application Protocol  –

    MAP is a protocol used in mobile networks to support the delivery of services like SMS, call forwarding, and roaming. It provides a standardized interface for communication between network elements, enabling seamless service delivery. 

  • MCC – Mobile Country Code –

    The MCC is a numerical prefix used in mobile networks to identify a specific country. It is part of the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) and ensures that calls and messages are routed to the correct destination.

  • ME – Mobile Equipment –

    ME refers to the hardware components of a mobile device, including the handset, battery, and SIM card. It is responsible for tasks such as signal processing, data transmission, and user interface. 

  • MEO – Medium Earth Orbit –

    MEO refers to satellites positioned between 2,000-35,786 km above Earth’s surface, between LEO and GEO altitudes. They provide a balance between coverage area and latency, typically used for navigation systems.

  • MFF2 – Machine to Machine Form Factor 2 –

    MFF2 is a small form factor specification for embedded SIM cards designed for IoT and M2M devices. It measures 6mm x 5mm, making it suitable for space-constrained devices. MFF2 eSIMs provide the same functionality as larger SIM cards in a compact, solderable package

  • MIMO – Multiple Input Multiple Output –

    MIMO is an antenna technology that uses multiple transmitters and receivers to improve communication performance. It increases data throughput and range by transmitting multiple data streams simultaneously.

  • mIoT – Mobile Internet of Things –

    MioT refers to IoT devices that connect and communicate via mobile (cellular) networks like 4G, 5G, or NB-IoT, rather than fixed or local connections such as Wi-Fi.

  • MME – Mobility Management Entity  –

    The MME is a component in LTE networks that handles tasks such as user registration, mobility management, and session management. It ensures seamless connectivity and service continuity as users move across different network areas. The MME is crucial for maintaining network performance and quality of service.

  • MMS – Multimedia Messaging Service –

    MMS is a messaging service that enables the transmission of multimedia content, such as images, audio, and video, over mobile networks. It provides a richer communication experience compared to traditional SMS.

  • MMTel – Multimedia Telephony –

    MMTel is a framework for delivering multimedia telephony services over IP networks, enabling advanced communication features like video calling and conferencing. It provides a standardized architecture for integrating different services and applications. 

  • mmWave – Millimeter Wave –

    mmW refers to extremely high frequency radio waves in the 30-300 GHz range used in 5G networks. These frequencies offer very high bandwidth and data rates but have limited propagation range.

  • MNC – Mobile Network Code –

    The MNC is a numerical prefix used in mobile networks to identify a specific operator within a country. It is part of the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) and ensures that calls and messages are routed to the correct destination. 

  • MNO – Mobile Network Operator –

    An MNO is a telecommunications company that provides mobile services to customers, including voice, data, and messaging. It owns and operates the network infrastructure, such as base stations and switches, to deliver these services. 

  • MOC – Mobile Originated Call –

    An MOC is a call that is initiated by a mobile device, as opposed to a call that is received by the device. It involves tasks such as call setup, routing, and termination, ensuring seamless communication.

  • MoU – Memorandum of Understanding –

    An MoU is a formal agreement between two or more parties that outlines the terms and conditions of a collaboration or partnership. It serves as a framework for cooperation and sets the stage for a more detailed contract. MoUs are essential for establishing mutual understanding and commitment.

  • MS – Mobile Station  –

    The MS refers to the hardware and software components of a mobile device, including the handset, battery, and SIM card. It is responsible for tasks such as signal processing, data transmission, and user interface. 

  • MSC – Mobile Switching Centre –

    The MSC is a component in 2G and 3G mobile networks that handles tasks such as call setup, routing, and termination. It ensures seamless communication and service delivery across different network domains. 

  • MSISDN – Mobile Station International Subscriber Number –

    The MSISDN is a unique identifier assigned to a mobile subscriber, used to track and manage the subscriber within a network. It is used for tasks such as call routing, billing, and location tracking. It is the phone number of the subscriber.

  • MSRN – Mobile Station Roaming Number –

    The MSRN is a temporary number assigned to a mobile device when it is roaming in a different network. It is used for tasks such as call routing and location tracking, ensuring seamless communication. 

  • MT – Mobile Terminal –

    The MT refers to the hardware components of a mobile device, including the handset, battery, and SIM card. It is responsible for tasks such as signal processing, data transmission, and user interface. 

  • MTC – Mobile Terminated Call –

    An MTC is a call that is received by a mobile device, as opposed to a call that is initiated by the device. It involves tasks such as call setup, routing, and termination, ensuring seamless communication. 

  • MVNO – Mobile Virtual Network Operator –

    An MVNO is a telecommunications company that provides mobile services to customers without owning the network infrastructure. It leases network capacity from an MNO and offers its own branded services.

  • MWC – Mobile World Congress –

    The MWC is an annual trade show organized by the GSMA, showcasing the latest innovations and trends in the mobile industry. It brings together industry leaders, technology providers, and policymakers to discuss the future of mobile communication. The MWC is a key event for networking and knowledge sharing in the telecom sector.

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  • NAS – Non-Access Stratum –

    NAS is a functional layer in mobile networks that handles communication between user equipment and the core network. It manages procedures like authentication, security, and mobility management that are independent of the radio access technology.

  • NB-IoT – Narrowband Internet of Things –

    NBIoT is a low-power wide-area network technology specifically designed for IoT devices requiring small amounts of data transmission. It provides excellent indoor coverage, long battery life, and support for massive device connectivity.

  • NDC – National Destination Code –

    The NDC is a numerical prefix used in telephone numbering plans to identify a specific geographic area or service within a country. It is part of the national significant number and ensures that calls are routed to the correct destination. The NDC is essential for enabling efficient communication and connectivity.

  • NGIRA – Next Generation International Roaming Agreement –

    NGIRA consists of the WA.50 and WA.52 and is the roaming agreement that can be used when establishing a 5G roaming agreement.

  • NNI – Network-to-Network Interface –

    The NNI is a standardized interface used for communication between different network domains, enabling interoperability and compatibility. It provides a framework for exchanging data and services between networks, ensuring seamless service delivery. 

  • NR – New Radio –

    NR is the global standard for 5G wireless communication developed by 3GPP. It defines the radio access technology and air interface for 5G networks, supporting enhanced mobile broadband, ultra-reliable low-latency communications, and massive machine-type communications.

  • NRTRDE – Near Real Time Roaming Data Exchange –

    NRTRDE is a system used by mobile network operators to exchange roaming data in near real-time, enabling faster detection and prevention of fraud. It provides a standardized framework for sharing information about roaming activities, ensuring accurate billing and security. NRTRDE is essential for maintaining the integrity and reliability of roaming services.

  • NSS – Network and Switching Subsystem –

    The NSS is a section of a mobile network that includes components like the MSC, HLR, and VLR, responsible for managing call setup, routing, and subscriber information. It ensures seamless communication and service delivery across different network domains.

  • NSSF – Network Slice Selection Function –

    The NSSF is a 5G core network function that selects the appropriate network slice instance to serve a user’s service request. It considers factors like user subscription, service requirements, and network resource availability.

  • NTN – Non-Terrestrial Networks –

    NTN refers to telecommunications networks that use satellites, high-altitude platforms, or drones to provide connectivity. They extend mobile network coverage to remote areas, maritime, and aviation environments where terrestrial networks are unavailable.

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  • OCGS – Operator Compliancy Grading Solution –

    The OCGS is a tool used by mobile network operators to assess and grade their compliance with industry standards and regulations. It provides a framework for evaluating network performance, security, and service quality.

  • OFDMA – Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access –

    OFDMA is a multi-user version of OFDM that allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously on different subcarriers. It improves spectral efficiency and enables flexible resource allocation in mobile networks. OFDMA is a key technology used in 4G LTE and 5G NR systems.

  • Op Data – Operational Data –

    RAEX OP data specifically contains the operational information necessary to configure roaming services, such as network codes, signaling information, and other technical details required to establish and maintain roaming connectivity.

  • OSS – Operator Specific Services –

    OSS refers to the customized services and features offered by a mobile network operator to its subscribers. It includes value-added services like voicemail, call forwarding, and data plans.


  • OTT – Over The Top –

    OTT refers to the delivery of media and communication services over the internet, bypassing traditional network operators. It includes services like streaming video, messaging apps, and VoIP. 

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  • P-CSCF – Proxy-Call Session Control Function –

    The P-CSCF is a component in the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) that acts as a proxy for call sessions and signaling. It handles tasks such as call setup, routing, and termination, ensuring seamless communication. 

  • PCF – Policy Control Function –

    The PCF is a network element in the 5G network that manages the enforcement of policies related to quality of service, charging, and resource allocation.

  • PCRF – Policy and Charging Rules Function –

    The PCRF is a component in 4G networks that manages the enforcement of policies related to quality of service, charging, and resource allocation. It ensures that network resources are used efficiently and that services meet user expectations. 

  • PDCP – Packet Data Convergence Protocol –

    PDCP is a layer in the mobile network protocol stack that provides services like header compression, encryption, and integrity protection. It ensures efficient and secure transmission of data over the radio interface.

  • PDN – Packet Data Network –

    A PDN is a network that provides data communication services, enabling the exchange of information between devices and systems. It includes infrastructure like routers, switches, and servers that facilitate data transfer.

  • PDP – Packet Data Protocol –

    PDP is a protocol used in mobile networks to support the delivery of data services, enabling the exchange of information between devices and systems. It provides a standardized framework for communication between network elements, ensuring seamless service delivery..

  • PGW – PDN Gateway   –

    The PGW is a component in 4G networks that connects the PDN to external data networks, such as the internet. It handles tasks such as IP address allocation, data routing, and billing. 

  • PHY – Physical Layer –

    PHY is the lowest layer in network protocols that deals with the physical transmission of data over communication channels. It defines electrical, mechanical, and functional specifications for activating and maintaining physical connections.

  • PMN – Public Mobile Network –

    A PMN is a telecommunications network that provides mobile services to the public, including voice, data, and messaging. It includes infrastructure like base stations, switches, and routers that facilitate communication and connectivity. 

  • PNR – Payment Notification Report  –

    A PNR is a document that provides information about a payment transaction, including details like the amount, date, and recipient. It is used for tasks such as billing reconciliation, dispute resolution, and financial reporting. 

  • PRD – Permanent Reference Document –

    A PRD is a formal GSMA document that provides detailed information about a specific topic or process, serving as a reference for industry standards and best practices. It is used for tasks such as training, compliance, and quality assurance.

  • PRS – Partner Rating Score –

    The PRS is a metric used by telecommunications companies to evaluate the performance and reliability of their partners and suppliers. It provides a framework for assessing factors like service quality, delivery times, and customer satisfaction. 

  • PS – Packet Switched –

    PS refers to a network architecture where data is broken into packets and transmitted independently across the network. Each packet can take different routes to reach its destination, providing efficient use of network resources. PS technology is the foundation of modern data networks.

  • PSD – Packet Switched Domain –

    PSD refers to the part of a mobile network that handles packet-based data communications, as opposed to circuit-switched voice calls. It includes components like the SGSN and GGSN in GPRS/3G networks or the EPC in LTE networks.

  • PSTN – Public Switched Telephone Network –

    The PSTN is a global network of interconnected telephone lines and switches that provides voice communication services (“fixed line network”). It supports traditional landline telephony and enables calls to be made between different networks and countries.

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  • QCI – QoS Class Identifier –

    The QCI is a parameter used in mobile networks to classify and prioritize different types of traffic based on their quality of service requirements. It ensures that critical applications, such as voice and video calls in VoLTE, receive priority access to network resources. It is a value used in TAP to identify a VoLTE Roaming call in a GPRS CDR.

  • QoS – Quality of Service –

    QoS is a set of standards and metrics used to evaluate the performance and reliability of telecommunications services. It ensures that network resources are used efficiently and that services meet user expectations. QoS is essential for maintaining network performance and quality of service.

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  • RAEX – Roaming Agreement EXchange –

    RAEX is a system used by mobile network operators to exchange information about roaming agreements, enabling seamless and reliable roaming services.  

    Mandatory RAEX documents are RAEX IOT, RAEX Op Data, RAEX IR.21 and RAEX IR.85.

  • RAN –  Radio Access Network –

    The RAN is a section of a mobile network that includes components like base stations and antennas, responsible for managing radio communications with mobile devices. It ensures seamless connectivity and service delivery across different network domains. 

  • RAND – RANDom Number –

    RAND is a random number used in mobile networks for tasks such as authentication and encryption. It provides a secure and unpredictable value that helps protect against unauthorized access and fraud. 

  • RAP –   Returned Account Procedure –

    RAP is a process used by telecommunications companies to manage and reconcile returned accounts, ensuring accurate billing and financial reporting. It provides a framework for handling disputes and resolving issues related to account balances.

  • RCS – Rich Communication Suite –

    RCS is a set of standards for advanced messaging services, enabling features like group chat, file sharing, and video calling. It provides a richer communication experience compared to traditional SMS and MMS. 

  • RCTC – Roaming Customer Targeted Communication  –

    RCTC is a system used by mobile network operators to deliver targeted communication and marketing messages to roaming customers. It provides a framework for personalizing offers and enhancing the customer experience.

  • RLC – Radio Link Control –

    RLC is a protocol layer in mobile networks that provides reliable data transfer over the radio interface. It handles segmentation, reassembly, error correction, and retransmission of data. RLC ensures data integrity between the base station and user equipment.

  • RNC – Radio Network Controller –

    The RNC is a component in mobile networks that controls multiple base transceiver stations and manages their resources. It handles tasks such as call setup, frequency allocation, and handovers between cells.

  • RRC – Radio Resource Control –

    RRC is a signaling protocol in mobile networks that manages the connection between user equipment and the radio access network. It handles procedures like connection establishment, mobility management, and radio bearer configuration.

  • RRN – ReRouting Number –

    The RRN is a temporary number assigned to a call when it is rerouted to a different network or destination. It is used for tasks such as call routing and location tracking, ensuring seamless communication

  • RT – Relation Type –

    In the BCEIOT, the RT is a label to logically separate a commercial agreement in multiple groups of service names. Different relation types are linked to different charging documents.

  • RTDR – Roaming Traffic Data Report –

    The RTDR is a document that provides detailed information about roaming traffic, and is sent by the DCH to the Roaming Hub.

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  • S-NSSAI – Single Network Slice Selection Assistance Information –

    S-NSSAI is an identifier used in 5G networks to identify a specific network slice. It consists of a Slice/Service Type (SST) and an optional Slice Differentiator (SD). S-NSSAI enables the network to route user traffic to the appropriate network slice instance.

  • S8HR – S8 Home Routing –

    S8HR is a technology that allows mobile devices to access home network services while roaming, ensuring consistent service quality and user experience. This is used in VoLTE Roaming. It enables users to access home network features and services without routing traffic through the visited network.

  • SCP – Service Control Point –

    The SCP is a CAMEL network element that communicates with the SSP/SSF in the visited network. It manages the delivery of services and applications, providing a centralized platform for service control and coordination. It handles tasks such as call setup, routing, and termination, ensuring seamless communication.

  • SCS – Self Certification Score –

    The SCS is a metric used by telecommunications companies to evaluate their compliance with industry standards and regulations. It provides a framework for assessing factors like network performance, security, and service quality.

  • SD – Slice Differentiator –

    SD is an optional component of S- NSSAI that provides additional differentiation between network slices of the same type. It allows operators to create multiple slices with the same service type but different characteristics.

  • SDAP – Service Data Adaptation Protocol –

    SDAP is a protocol layer introduced in 5G NR that maps quality of service flows to data radio bearers. It ensures that data packets receive appropriate QoS treatment based on service requirements.

  • SDR – Special Drawing Rights –

    SDR is an international reserve asset created by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to supplement the official reserves of its member countries. It provides a framework for exchanging currencies and settling international transactions.

  • SEPP – Security Edge Protection Proxy –

    SEPP is a 5G network function that provides security protection for control plane communications between different operator networks. It filters, polices, and protects inter-operator traffic from security threats.

  • SGSN – Serving GPRS Support Node   –

    The SGSN is a component in the GPRS network (2.5G) that manages the delivery of GPRS data services, enabling the exchange of information between devices and systems. It handles tasks such as user registration, mobility management, and session management.

  • SGW – Serving Gateway –

    The SGW is a component in 4G networks that connects the radio access network to the core network, enabling the delivery of data services. It handles tasks such as data routing, mobility management, and quality of service.

  • SIGFOX – Sigfox Technology –

    Sigfox is a low-power wide-area network technology that provides long-range connectivity for IoT devices using ultra-narrowband radio technology. It operates on unlicensed spectrum and enables devices to transmit small amounts of data over long distances with minimal power consumption.

  • SIM – Subscriber Identity Module –

    The SIM is a small card inserted into a mobile device that stores subscriber information and authentication credentials. It enables tasks such as user registration, mobility management, and service authorization.

  • SLA – Service Level Agreement –

    An SLA is a formal agreement between a service provider and a customer that outlines the terms and conditions of service delivery. It includes metrics for evaluating performance, quality, and reliability, ensuring that services meet user expectations.

  • SM-DP – Subscription Manager Data Preparation –

    SM-DP is a component in eSIM architecture that prepares and packages operator profiles for download to eUICCs. It creates encrypted profile packages containing subscription credentials and network settings. SM-DP was used in the original eSIM specification before being superseded by SM-DP+.

  • SM-DP+ – Subscription Manager Data Preparation Plus –

    SM-DP+ is the enhanced version of SM-DP used in modern eSIM deployments for consumer devices. It prepares, stores, and delivers operator profiles to eUICCs securely over the air. SM-DP+ supports more flexible profile management and improved security features.

  • SM-DS – Subscription Manager Discovery Server –

    SM-DS is a component in eSIM architecture that helps devices discover available profiles and the appropriate SM-DP+ to download them from. It acts as a directory service, routing profile download requests to the correct server.

  • SM-SR – Subscription Manager Secure Routing –

    SM-SR is a component in eSIM architecture that provides secure communication channels between subscription managers and eUICCs. It handles authentication, encryption, and routing of profile management commands.

  • SMF – Session Management Function –

    The SMF is a 5G network element that manages the delivery of data services, providing a centralized platform for session control and coordination. It handles tasks such as user registration, mobility management, and quality of service.

  • SMS – Short Message Service –

    SMS is a messaging service that enables the transmission of text messages over mobile networks.

  • SMSC – SMS Centre –

    The SMSC is a network element that manages the delivery of SMS messages, providing a centralized platform for message control and coordination.

  • SoR – Steering of Roaming   –

    SoR is a technology that allows mobile network operators to control and optimize the routing of roaming traffic, ensuring efficient service delivery and cost savings.

  • SP – Service Provider –

    n SP is a telecommunications company that provides services to customers, including voice, data, and messaging. It offers a range of services, from basic connectivity to advanced applications, supporting a wide range of industries and markets.

  • SRES – Signed RESponse   –

    SRES is a value used in mobile networks for tasks such as authentication and encryption in the authentication process of the Authentication Center (AuC)

  • SRF – Specialised Resource Function   –

    The SRF is a CAMEL network element that provides specialized resources and services, such as voice processing and media conversion.The SRF is essential for enabling advanced communication features and applications.

  • SRVCC – Single Radio Voice Call Continuity   –

    SRVCC is a technology that allows mobile devices to switch from a packet-switched network, like LTE, to a circuit-switched network for voice calls.

  • SS7 – Signaling System No. 7 –

    SS7 is a set of telephony signaling protocols used to set up and tear down telephone calls in public switched telephone networks. It enables features like call forwarding, caller ID, and toll-free numbers.

  • SSF / SSP – Service Switching Function / Point   –

    The SSF / SSP is a network element that manages the delivery of services and applications, providing a centralized platform for service control and coordination. It handles tasks such as call setup, routing, and termination, ensuring seamless communication. It communicates with the CAMEL  SCP in the Home Network.

  • SST – Slice/Service Type –

    SST is a component of S-NSSAI that indicates the expected behavior and characteristics of a network slice. It defines categories like enhanced mobile broadband, ultra-reliable low-latency communications, or massive IoT.

  • STIRA – Standard International Roaming Agreement –

    The STIRA is the roaming agreement that is signed between roaming partners when launching a roaming relationship. 

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  • TADIG – Transferred Account Data Interchange Group  –

    TADIG is a group within the telecommunications industry focused on developing standards and practices for the exchange of account data between operators. TADIG creates the GSMA TADIG PRDs for the roaming billing launch process.

  • TAP – Transferred Account Procedure –

    TAP is a process and file used by telecommunications companies to exchange usage and billing information between roaming partners.

  • TCC – TADIG Completion Certificate –

    The TCC is a formal document issued by TADIG to certify the completion of a transferred account procedure. 

    The TCC is sent to the VPMN upon acceptance of the received TAP file in the roaming launch process.

  • TDD – Time Division Duplex –

    TDD is a duplexing method where transmission and reception occur at different times on the same frequency band. It allows flexible allocation of uplink and downlink capacity based on traffic demands. TDD is commonly used in 5G networks.

  • TE – Terminal Equipment –

    TE refers to the hardware components of a telecommunications device, including the handset, battery, and SIM card. It is responsible for tasks such as signal processing, data transmission, and user interface.

  • TMSI – Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity –

    The TMSI is a temporary identifier assigned to a mobile subscriber, used to track and manage the subscriber within a network.

  • TRF – Transit and Routing Function –

    The TRF is a 5G network element that manages the flow of data between different network domains, ensuring security and compliance with policies. It acts as a gateway between networks, controlling access and preventing unauthorized traffic.

  • TRX – Transceiver –

    TRX is a device that combines transmitter and receiver functions in a single unit for wireless communications. It handles both transmission and reception of radio signals at base stations and network infrastructure.

  • TTT – TAP Testing Toolkit –

    The TTT is a tool used by telecommunications companies to test and validate the accuracy of TAP files in the TADIG Test process.

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  • UDM – Unified Data Management   –

    The UDM is a 5G network element that manages the delivery of data services, providing a centralized platform for data control and coordination. It handles tasks such as user registration, mobility management, and quality of service. 

  • UDR – Usage Data Report –

    A Usage Data Report (UDR) is a BCE report that is used to exchange traffic in support of reconciliation activities. Rates/charges are not included on a UDR.

  • UE – User Equipment   –

    UE refers to the hardware components of a mobile device, including the handset, battery, and SIM card. 

  • UICC – Universal Integrated Circuit Card  –

    The UICC is a programmable SIM card that allows users to switch between different mobile network operators without changing the physical SIM card. It supports remote provisioning and management of network profiles, enabling greater flexibility and convenience. UICCs are essential for supporting IoT and connected devices.

  • UMTS – Universal Mobile Telecommunication System –

    UMTS is a standard for third-generation (3G) mobile networks, providing high-speed data transfer and low latency.

  • UPF – User Plane Function   –

    The UPF is a 5G network element that manages the delivery of data services, providing a centralized platform for data control and coordination. It handles tasks such as user registration, mobility management, and quality of service

  • USR – Usage Summary Report –

    A Usage Summary Report (USR) is a BCE report that contains the same content as a BSR, but a USR is exchanged without an accompanying Charging Document. 

  • USSD – Unstructured Supplementary Service Data –

    USSD is a messaging service that enables the transmission of text messages over mobile networks. It provides a simple and efficient way to communicate, supporting a range of applications and services, eg. UDDS Call-back. 

  • UTRAN – UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network   –

    The UTRAN is the radio access network component of UMTS (3G)  systems, providing high-speed wireless communication between user devices and the network. It includes base stations that handle data transmission and reception.

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  • VAS – Value Added Services –

    VAS refers to the additional services and features offered by a mobile network operator to its subscribers. It includes services like voicemail, call forwarding, and data plans.

  • VLR – Visited Location Register –

    The VLR is a database used in 2G and 3G networks to store information about subscribers who are roaming in a specific area.

  • VoIP – Voice over IP   –

    VoIP is a technology that enables voice communication over IP networks, providing a cost-effective and flexible alternative to traditional telephony.

  • VoLTE – Voice over LTE –

    VoLTE is a technology that enables voice communication over LTE (4G) networks, providing high-quality voice calls and low latency. It supports a wide range of applications, from voice and video calls to conferencing and collaboration

  • VoNR – Voice Over New Radio –

    VoNR is a technology that enables voice communication over 5G NR networks using the IMS framework. It provides superior voice quality, faster call setup times, and better integration with 5G data services compared to previous technologies.

  • VPMN – Visited Public Mobile Network –

    The VPMN is the mobile network operator that provides services to a subscriber when they are roaming in a different country.

  • VPN – Virtual Private Network –

    A VPN is a secure network that enables users to access private networks over the internet, providing a secure and encrypted connection.

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